Barry A. Hartstein
Shareholder | Co-Chair, EEO & Diversity Practice Group
Professional & Community Affiliations
Member
Labor and Employment Law Section
American Bar Association
Co-Chair, Finance Committee
American Bar Association
2010-present
Management Co-Chair, EEO Committee
American Bar Association
2002-2004
Co-Chair, EEOC Liaison Committee
Chicago District Office
American Bar Association
1995-present
Member, Editorial Board
ABA Journal of Labor and Employment Law
Member, Executive Committee
Cornell ILR Alumni Association
1995-present
Former President
Cornell ILR Alumni Association
2007-2009
Dean’s Advisory Council
Cornell ILR School
2007-present
Member, Board of Directors
Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution
Cornell ILR School
2008-present
Member, Trustee Nominating Committee
Cornell University
2008-present
Program Chair
American Employment Law Council
2010-2012
Member
American Employment Law Council
1995-present
Recognition
Named, The Best Lawyers in America®
2007-2025
Named, Leading Lawyer 500
InterContinental Finance Magazine
2013
Named, Who's Who in American Law
2014
Named, International Who's Who of Management Labour and Employment Lawyers
Who's Who Legal
2012-2016
Recipient, Judge William B. Groat Alumni Award
Cornell ILR School
2011
Named, Nations' Most Powerful Employment Attorneys - Top 100
Human Resource Executive / Lawdragon Inc.
2010-2015
Ranked, Labor & Employment
Chambers USA
2003-2024
Recommended, Labour & Employment
Who's Who Legal
2024
Named, Management Labour and Employment
Who's Who Legal
2007-2013
Named, World's Leading Lawyers
Labor and Employment - Expert Guides: The Legal Media Group Guides
2009-present
Fellow
College of Labor and Employment Lawyers
Awarded, AV® Peer Review Rating
Martindale-Hubbell
News, Analysis & Press
Littler Ranked in 2024 Chambers USA Guide
June 6, 2024
High Court Lowers the Bar on Title VII Claims: “Significant” Harm No Longer Required
ASAP
April 18, 2024
Littler Recognized in 2023 Chambers USA Guide
June 6, 2023
Illinois Equal Pay Certification: A Practical Guide for Employer Compliance
Insight
February 16, 2023
AI Algorithms, Strict Place-of-Work Rules Potential Trouble Spots for Employment Claims
Claims Journal
November 14, 2022
Littler Ranked in Chambers USA Guide 2022
June 1, 2022
Littler Survey: Competitive Talent Market and Pandemic Uncertainty Complicate Return-to-Office Policies
May 4, 2022
Illinois DOL Provides Guidance on Equal Pay Registration Certificate Application Process
ASAP
April 20, 2022
Biden’s vaccine mandate gives Chicago-area employers cover when implementing vaccine requirements
Chicago Tribune
September 10, 2021
What Role Do Culture and Morale Play in Vaccine Mandates?
Human Resource Executive
September 1, 2021
More Employer Vaccine Mandates Are Coming After Pfizer's Full Approval
Corporate Counsel
August 24, 2021
Only 8% of US Manufacturers are Requiring COVID Vaccines
Manufacturing Global Magazine
August 24, 2021
Littler Survey: Employers Increasingly Consider Vaccine Mandates as COVID-19 Delta Variant Spreads
August 23, 2021
Littler COVID-19 Vaccine Employer Survey Report: Delta Variant Update
Littler Report
August 23, 2021
Key Takeaways from the EEOC’s Updated Guidance Regarding COVID-19 Vaccinations, Incentives
Insight
June 1, 2021
EEOC greenlights coronavirus vaccine requirements, incentives — with some limits
HR Dive
May 28, 2021
Littler Ranked in Chambers USA Guide 2021
May 27, 2021
Survey: Retailers Unlikely to Require COVID-19 Vaccines for Employees
Chain Store Age (CSA)
March 3, 2021
Most Employers Unlikely To Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination, Littler Survey Finds; Employee Relations Concerns Abound
February 9, 2021
Most employers will continue remote work despite COVID vaccine: Littler
Thomson Reuter Westlaw Today
February 9, 2021
Employers can require COVID-19 vaccination, but there are exceptions. Here’s what you and your boss need to know.
Chicago Tribune
December 14, 2020
To mandate or not to mandate: Employers preparing for COVID-19 vaccine
The Indiana Lawyer
November 25, 2020
Mandate COVID-19 vaccines for all employees? Like everything, it’s complicated
Compliance Week
October 6, 2020
COVID-19 vaccination: Mandatory request or PR nightmare?
Human Resources Director
September 21, 2020
The Race for a COVID-19 Vaccine – Planning for the Employer Response
Littler Report
September 17, 2020
Avoiding Discrimination Lawsuits While Addressing the Pandemic
HR Business Legal Resources
August 14, 2020
Best Lawyers in America© 2020 Edition Honors More Than 200 Littler Lawyers; 14 Named Lawyer of the Year
August 15, 2019
Littler Ranked in 2019 Chambers USA Guide
April 25, 2019
EEOC continues 'aggressive litigation' despite Trump administration policies
HR Dive
January 10, 2019
The #MeToo Effect: Sex Harassment Charges with the EEOC Rose for the First Time in Years
The Washington Post
October 5, 2018
The end of the resume? Hiring is the midst of a technological revolution with algorithms, chatbots
Chicago Tribune
July 19, 2018
Littler Survey: Employers Reeling from Regulatory Shifts, New Forces Impacting Workplace
General Counsel News
May 18, 2018
Littler Ranked in 2018 Chambers USA Guide
May 15, 2018
Littler Survey Finds Employers Reeling from Regulatory Shifts and New Forces Impacting the Workplace
May 2, 2018
Littler Attorneys Named in 2017 Who’s Who Legal Guide
September 28, 2017
Credit Union Eliminates HR Department, Allegedly for Opposing ‘Look Test’
SHRM Online
September 27, 2017
Ford Settles Sexual, Racial Harassment Claims at Chicago Plants for $10 Million
Chicago Tribune
August 17, 2017
Italian Chain Rosebud Settles Race Discrimination Lawsuit for $1.9 Million
Eater Chicago
May 31, 2017
Littler Recognized as ACC Value Champion
May 19, 2017
Littler Survey Reveals Employers Caught in a Tangled Web of Federal, State and Local Laws
May 11, 2017
Federal Job Bias Online Tool Rolled Out in Five Cities
Bloomberg BNA Daily Labor Report
March 13, 2017
A Review of the EEOC's Systemic Initiative: Tracking its Progress, Current Priorities, and Key Developments in FY 2016
Littler Report
December 15, 2016
The EEOC’s Longtime General Counsel Decides That He’s Ready for a Change
Corporate Counsel
December 1, 2016
EEOC Performance and Accountability Report Shows Increase in Charge Filings for FY 2016
ASAP
November 18, 2016
EEOC Tops $428M for Bias Victims, Cuts Charge Backlog
Bloomberg BNA Daily Labor Report
November 16, 2016
EEOC's New Strategic Enforcement Plan Takes Aim at Gig Economy, Other Emerging Workforce Issues
ASAP
October 18, 2016
The Best Lawyers in America© Honors More Than 180 Littler Lawyers in Its 2017 Edition
August 16, 2016
A White Actor is Cast in 'In the Heights,' Setting Off a Complicated Debate
The Chicago Tribune
August 14, 2016
Lawsuits for Wages, Discrimination Top Employers' Worries
Bloomberg BNA Daily Labor Report
July 13, 2016
EEOC Systematic Recoveries Increase in 2015; Trend Expected to Continue in 2016
XpertHR
December 30, 2015
Littler Report Analyzes EEOC Developments and Trends to Watch in 2016
November 30, 2015
Looking Backward and Forward: A Review of Key EEOC Developments, Successes and Failures in FY 2015 and What to Watch For in FY 2016
Insight
November 23, 2015
EEOC's Money Remedies, Charge Activity Rose in FY 2015
Bloomberg BNA Human Resources Report
November 19, 2015
The Government's Anti-Discrimination Watchdog is Getting More Aggressive - and Employers Are Fighting Back
The Washington Post
November 13, 2015
Being connected could dial up legal problems for employers in the 24/7 workplace
ABA News
August 3, 2015
Littler Lawyers Named to “Most Powerful Employment Lawyers” List by Human Resource Executive Magazine® and Lawdragon
June 17, 2015
Chambers USA Recognizes Littler and Its Attorneys
May 20, 2015
EEOC conciliation efforts ruling is only a partial victory for employers
Business Insurance
May 10, 2015
Supreme Court Confirms EEOC Conciliation Efforts are Subject to Judicial Review
Insight
April 30, 2015
EEOC Conciliation Subject to Court Scrutiny, But Scope of Review is Limited, Justices Rule
Bloomberg BNA Daily Labor Report
April 29, 2015
Supreme Court’s UPS ruling widens scope of accommodating pregnant workers
Business Insurance
March 29, 2015
Supreme Court Revives Pregnancy Discrimination Act Claim
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
March 25, 2015
Employer May Violate Pregnancy Bias Law by Denying Light Duty, Split Court Rules
Bloomberg BNA
March 25, 2015
In 50th Year, EEOC Pushes Enforcement Limits
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
March 4, 2015
Update on Criminal Background Checks: Impact of EEOC v. Freeman and Ongoing Challenges in a Continuously Changing Legal Environment
Insight
February 23, 2015
EEOC Welcomes New Staff to Build on Agency’s National Enforcement Strategy
Bloomberg BNA Daily Labor Report
January 30, 2015
EEOC Will Take ‘Harder Line’ in 2015 Despite Recent Setbacks, Says Report
HR Compliance Expert
January 22, 2015
Littler report cites drop in EEOC charges filed, notes agency ‘fell short’ on systemic enforcement
Wolters Kluwer
January 20, 2015
Littler’s Barry Hartstein breaks down the EEOC’s 2014, discusses the year to come
Inside Counsel
January 14, 2015
EEOC Reasonable Cause Determinations Increase in 2014, Littler Reports Finds
XpertHR
January 8, 2015
The EEOC issues you’ll want to keep an eye on in 2015
HR Morning
January 7, 2015
Littler Issues Annual Report on EEOC Developments
January 5, 2015
EEOC to focus on hiring barriers, pregnancy bias, ADA and wellness in 2015: Report
Business Insurance
January 5, 2015
Caregiver Discrimination: It's Not Just About Women and Children Anymore
Diversity & the Bar
October 1, 2014
Do More Jobs and Stagnant Pay Spell Lawsuits?
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
July 28, 2014
Littler survey indicates despondent employees increasingly willing to sue
InsideCounsel
July 24, 2014
Employers Could Face Increased Litigation From Whistle-Blowers, Disgruntled Workers
Bloomberg BNA Human Resource Report
July 21, 2014
Littler Survey Reveals Impact on Employers of a Divided Government, Myriad Forces Reinventing the Workplace
July 8, 2014
Employers Had Significant Wins Against EEOC in 2013
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
January 27, 2014
Seventh Circuit Holds Failure to Conciliate is Not a Defense Available to Employers in Litigation with the EEOC
Insight
December 30, 2013
EEOC targets national origin discrimination, observers expect guidance update
Business Insurance
November 20, 2013
Littler Attorneys Named in Best Lawyers in America® 2014 Edition
August 15, 2013
Two New EEOC Criminal Record Lawsuits Underscore Important Strategic and Practical Considerations for Employers Conducting Background Checks
Insight
June 12, 2013
Workplace Policy Institute: The Labor, Employment and Benefits Law Implications of the Affordable Care Act - Are You Prepared?
Littler Report
May 9, 2013
Lawyers Discuss Guidance on Potential Bias in Hiring
Prevention of Corporate Liability: Current Reports
Bloomberg BNA
April 15, 2013
Lawyers, EEOC Official Discuss Guidance On Potential Bias in Criminal History Checks
Privacy Security Law Report
Bloomberg BNA
April 15, 2013
The 2012 Global Employer: Highlights of Littler's Fifth Annual Global Employer Institute
Littler Report
February 21, 2013
EEOC to Focus on Opinion-Driven Performance Reviews
Bloomberg BNA Benefits & Compensation Management Update
January 23, 2013
EEOC to keep pressure on systemic discrimination in 2013 – report
Thomson Reuters News & Insight
January 11, 2013
New Report Provides Insight on Increased Stakes For Employers In Combating Discrimination in the Workplace
January 9, 2013
EEOC Will Focus in 2013 on Hiring, Pay, Harassment
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
December 21, 2012
Best Lawyers in America® Names 164 Littler Attorneys to 2013 Edition
September 7, 2012
Criminal Background Checks: Evolution of the EEOC's Updated Guidance and Implications for the Employer Community
Littler Report
May 17, 2012
EEOC Issues Updated Criminal Record Guidance that Highlights Important Strategic and Practical Considerations for Employers
Insight
April 30, 2012
EEOC Guidance Emphasizes Possible Bias in Blanket Bans of Job Applicants with Criminal Pasts
ABA Journal
April 26, 2012
The 2011 Global Employer: Highlights of Littler's Fourth Annual Global Employer Institute
Littler Report
February 15, 2012
EEOC Receives a Record Number of Private Sector Discrimination Charges and Secures Highest Amount in Damages in FY 2011
ASAP
November 18, 2011
Best Lawyers in America® Names 108 Littler Lawyers to 2012 Edition
September 12, 2011
EEOC Weighs Need for Hiring Guidelines Revisions
Society of Human Resource Management Online
August 2, 2011
An Employer's Guide to EEOC Systemic Investigations and Subpoena Enforcement Actions
Littler Report
August 1, 2011
The EEOC's Priorities Still Include Regulating the Use of Criminal Records by Employers
Insight
July 27, 2011
Littler Recognized as Highly Regarded Labor & Employment Firm by Who's Who Legal and Dominates its Top Attorneys List
July 11, 2011
The Coming Regulatory Avalanche: Engineering Practical Employment and Labor Law Compliance Solutions
Littler Report
April 6, 2011
Recent EEOC Developments Involving Disqualification of Applicants Based on Criminal History
Littler Report
March 28, 2011
EEOC to Hold Meeting on the Use of Credit History as Employment Screening Device
ASAP
October 13, 2010
Prominent Labor and Employment Attorney Barry A. Hartstein Joins Littler Mendelson's Chicago Office
August 16, 2010
Recent EEOC Developments Involving Disqualification of Applicants Based on Criminal History
Littler Mendelson Class Action Summit
2010
Telecommuting: The New Workplace of the ‘90’s
Employee Relations Law Journal
Spring 1996
Weeks v. Baker & McKenzie: A Potential ‘Blueprint’ for Sexual Harassment Litigation
Employee Relations Journal
Spring 1995
The Broadening Scope of Harassment in the Workplace
Employee Relations Law Journal
Spring 1994
An Employer’s Guide to the Civil Rights Act of 1991
Corporate Counsel’s Quarterly
July 1992
Rules of the Road in Dealing with Personnel Records
Employee Relations Law Journal
Spring 1992
Managing Workplace Disputes From Prevention to Cure
American Bar Association
1991
Bargaining During a Recession – Employers Beware
Employee Relations Law Journal
1991
OFCCP’s New Compliance Manual – Preparing For An Affirmative Action Audit
The Practical Labor Lawyer, Employee Relations Law Journal
Spring 1990
A Procedural Guide to Contesting Employment Related Violations of IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control Act)
The Practical Labor Lawyer, Employee Relations Law Journal
1989
An Employer’s Response to Frivolous Lawsuits: Avenues for Recovering Attorney’s Fees
The Practical Labor Lawyer, Employee Relations Law Journal
Spring 1988
Drug Testing in the Workplace: A Primer for Employers
Employee Relations Law Journal
Spring 1988
Books & Book Chapters
- Employment and Labour Law Trends in the U.S. and Impact of a Global Economy, The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Employment & Labour Law 2011, Global Legal Group Ltd., co-authors: Garry G. Mathiason and Margaret Hart Edwards, 2011
- Labour & Employment, Getting the Deal Through, Law Business Research Ltd., London, UK, Editor and contributing author, 2006-2009
- Employer’s Guide to Auditing Personnel and Employment Practices, Business Laws, Inc., 1988-1995
- Managing Workplace Disputes From Prevention to Cure, American Bar Association, Editor and contributing author, 1991
Speaking Engagements
An Insider's View of the EEOC: Recent and Current Strategies, Litigation, Settlements and What's on the Horizon
Littler Executive Employer Conference, Phoenix, AZ
May 10, 2024
Inclusion, Equity & Diversity 2.0 – A Panoramic View and Update of IE&D's Hot Issues
Littler Executive Employer Conference, Phoenix, AZ
May 10, 2023
The State of Vaccinations and Testing – A Continued Conundrum
Littler Executive Employer Conference
May 5, 2022
A Practical Primer on Inclusion, Equity & Diversity Programs
Littler Executive Employer Conference
May 4, 2022
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC: Looking Back at FY 2021 Developments and Looking Forward at the Commission’s Plans for FY 2022
April 27, 2022
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC: A Practical Primer on Organizational, Procedural and Case Developments
April 14, 2021
The COVID-19 Vaccine – Legal and Practical Implications
January 20, 2021
The COVID-19 Vaccine – Legal and Practical Implications
January 13, 2021
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC: A Practical Primer On Organizational, Procedural, and Case Developments
March 10, 2020
Pay Equity: EEO-1s, the EEOC and the States - Where Do We Go From Here?
November 22, 2019
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC: Where We’ve Been and What’s on the Horizon
February 22, 2019
Littler's Annual Report on the EEOC: Where We've Been and What's on the Horizon
February 19, 2019
Looking Back and Forward – Reflections on the EEOC: A Conversation with EEOC Acting Chair Victoria A. Lipnic
Littler Executive Employer, Phoenix, AZ
May 3, 2018
EEOC Update
National HR in Hospitality Conference & Expo, Las Vegas, NV
March 5, 2018
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC: Where We’ve Been and What’s on the Horizon
February 28, 2018
Harassment Prevention: The “Legal Rules of the Road” Involving Harassment and Related Litigation by the EEOC
February 7, 2018
EEOC Priorities and What They Mean for Employers
The 2017 Executive Employer® Conference
May 11, 2017
Equal Pay: What Do the Changes to the EEO-1 Report and State Pay Equity Legislation Mean for Employers?
November 17, 2016
The Next Wave: Pay Equity Laws
Tysons Corner, VA
November 16, 2016
Equal Pay: What do the Changes to the EEO-1 Report and State Pay Equity Legislation Mean for Employers?
October 27, 2016
Top Ten Issues for Employers to Watch for at EEOC in 2016
2016 EEOC Chicago Seminar, Northbrook, IL
August 3, 2016
Dealing with the EEOC: New Way of Doing Business in Handling Charges of Discrimination
April 22, 2016
Dealing with the EEOC: New Way of Doing Business in Handling Charges of Discrimination
April 18, 2016
Recent EEOC Developments and What to Watch for in 2016
Chicago, IL
March 8, 2016
Littler's Annual Report on the EEOC
January 26, 2016
Criminal Records and Employment: Legal Update and Guidance on Compliance in a Continuously Changing Legal Environment
March 13, 2015
Littler report cites drop in EEOC charges filed, notes agency ‘fell short’ on systemic enforcement
Wolters Kluwer
January 20, 2015
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC
January 9, 2015
The Changing Rules of the Road Dealing with Pregnancy Discrimination
August 13, 2014
EEOC Update: Retaliation and What's New
April 28, 2014
Littler’s Annual Report on the EEOC: Looking Back and Forward – Successes, Failures and Anticipated Trends
February 5, 2014
Best Hiring Practices for Screening Talent
Chicago, IL
October 2, 2013
Take-aways From Freeman's Victory Against the EEOC About Disparate Impact and Background Checks
September 10, 2013
Social Recruiting and Hiring: Sourcing the Best Talent, Doing Due Diligence and Avoiding Liability
2013 Social Media Summit: The New Reality
Littler Mendelson, San Francisco, CA
April 10, 2013
The EEOC's New Strategic Enforcement Plan (SEP) Critical Challenges Faced by Employers
January 24, 2013
Background Checks for the 21st Century: How to Protect Your Organization Without Sinking in the Quagmire of New Laws
Bloomberg BNA Webinar
October 30, 2012
The EEOC’s Updated Criminal History Guidance, Strategic Plan and More — What Does This Mean for Your Company?
May 31, 2012
The EEOC's Expanded Agenda and Systemic Initiative: What Employers Can Expect During the Coming Year
The 2012 Executive Employer® Conference
Littler Mendelson, Scottsdale, AZ
May 10, 2012
Background Checks 2012: Can Employers Still Investigate their Employees & Applicants?
The 2012 Executive Employer® Conference
Littler Mendelson, Scottsdale, AZ
May 10, 2012
Annual Conference - American Employment Law Council
October 19-22, 2011
2011 EEO Update: An Employers' Perspective
Technical Assistance Program for Employers - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
August 10, 2011
Implicit Bias
National Conference on Equal Employment Opportunity Law - Equal Employment Opportunity Committee, Section of Labor and Employment Law - American Bar Association
April 9, 2011
Dealing with an Emboldened EEOC: An Employer Roadmap to Investigations, Enforcement and Compliance in Today's Environment
2011 Executive Employer Conference® - Littler Mendelson, Phoenix, AZ
April 7, 2011
ADA Compliance Based on the Final Regulations and A Renewed Focus By the EEOC
April 5, 2011
Preventing, Preparing For, and Responding to Threats and Acts of Violence in the Workplace
Association of Corporate Counsel, Chicago Chapter
October 5, 2010
Class Action Summit
September 23, 2010
What Every Employer Needs to Know About EEO Law-2010 Update
Technical Assistance Program for Employers, Chicago Area
August 4, 2010
Pattern or Practice Litigation – EEOC's Best Weapon?
National Conference on Equal Employment Opportunity Laws
March 25, 2010
The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act: Its Background and Future. Evolution or Revolution
University of Memphis Law School Symposium
February 19, 2010
50 Ways from Sunday – Can A Corporation Really Have A Successful Nationwide Policy That Is Consistent With State and Local Laws
National Conference on Equal Employment Opportunity Law
April 3, 2009
Managing the New Workplace- Employment Discrimination in the New Workplace
Center for Advanced Human Resources Studies (CAHRS), Cornell University
November 13, 2008
A View from the Bench: Judicial Perspective on Effective Trial Techniques
2nd Annual CLE Conference, Section of Labor & Employment Law - American Bar Association
September 11, 2008
Harassment Trends and Litigation: An Employer's Perspective – 2008 Update
Technical Assistance Program for Employers - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
May 6, 2008
Mistakes Judges Have Seen Even Good Employment Lawyers Make
National Conference on Equal Employment Opportunity Law
March 27, 2008
Cindy Wild v Hooligan's, Inc
1st Annual CLE Conference, Section of Labor & Employment Law - American Bar Association
November 7-10, 2007
Hot Employment Issues and EPLI Coverage
Client Presentation
March 13-14, 2007
Employment Discrimination Class Actions – Overview, Recent Trends and Substantive Developments
Chicago Bar Association
November 29, 2006
True Challenges in EEO Lawsuits – Dealing with Compensatory and Punitive Damages in EEO Litigation
National Conference on Equal Employment Opportunity Law
March 2006
From the Judge's Perspective: A Discussion of EEO Claims and Litigation
Minneapolis State Bar Association
November 16, 2005
The Enforcers: The View from Washington
Annual Meeting - American Bar Association
August 9, 2004
Preparing for the Workforce of the Future
Society of Human Resources Professional
June 9, 2004
Key Steps to Avoiding the Employment Class Action
Client Presentation
May 5, 2004
Trial of an ADEA Case: Joe Moore v. The University of Notre Dame
Mid-Winter Program, EEO Committee - Section of Labor & Employment Law
March 22, 2003
An Employer's Guide to Reductions-In-Force and Corporate Reorganizing
North Shore Labor Council Meeting
June 13, 2002
National Conference on Evaluating Harassment Cases in the 21st Century
Section of Labor & Employment Law - American Bar Association
November 10-11, 2000
Education
- J.D., Northwestern University School of Law, 1976
- B.S., Cornell University, 1973
Courts
- U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit
- U.S. Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit
- U.S. Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit
- U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit
- U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois
- U.S. District Court, Northern District of California
- U.S. District Court, Eastern District of California
- U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Wisconsin